Beta-glucans reduce fatigue and increase immunity

If you have to deal with heavy physical activity - for example, because you train hard - taking beta-glucans can reduce fatigue and keep your immune system active. This is evidenced by a study on animals, which was recently published in the Open Biochemistry Journal.

Research on the effect of beta-glucans on the immune system
The researchers experimented with mice. They forced the animals to swim every day, for several days in a row, and thus caused considerable physical exertion. This type of continuous heavy physical exertion causes fatigue and reduces the functioning of the immune system. The researchers did not give the mice in the control group any active substances. Other experimental animals received 50, 100, or 200 mcg of beta-glucans daily. The human equivalent of these doses was approximately 16, 32, and 64 milligrams per day, respectively. Beta-glucan (β-glucan) is a polysaccharide that is a component of the cell wall of fungi, microorganisms, and cereals. It is especially present in plant products, such as oatmeal and edible mushrooms. The exact chemical structure of beta-glucans is different in each food, and their immunological effects are probably also different.

The intake of beta-glucans reduces fatigue
After the mice swam for 15 days each day, the researchers either gave the animals nothing for another 15 days or continued to give them a daily Supplement with beta-glucans. As early as the first day of supplementation [day 0 in the image below], the researchers saw that the time when the mice started swimming passively (indicating they were tired) was shorter when they were given beta-glucans. The higher the dose, the stronger the effect.

Beta-glucans seem to reduce fatigue. The effect persisted even after the researchers stopped giving supplements to animals. Researchers have seen in the brains of mice how beta-glucans reduce fatigue: by increasing the concentration of endogenous antioxidants glutathione [GSH] and superoxide dismutase [SOD].

The state of the immune system after taking beta-glucans
At the same time, beta-glucans improved the functioning of the immune system. Researchers extracted neutrophils from the blood of mice and placed them in test tubes with pathogens. Neutrophils literally eat microbes, such as fungi and bacteria. This process is called phagocytosis. Researchers have found that beta-glucans, so to speak, "increase the appetite" of neutrophils.

Glucans also stimulated the release of interleukin-2 and interleukin-4. Interleukin-4 causes the immune system to attach molecular tags to cells that should be attacked by the immune system. Interleukin-2 stimulates the development of immune cells that do the actual work and purify defective cells.

Mechanism of action of beta-glucans
In the body, beta-glucans activate the complement 3 receptor, which is present in neutrophils, natural killer cells, and macrophages. They also activate the dectin-1 receptor in macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, b cells, and dendritic cells.

Through these receptors, beta-glucans stimulate most of the immune system, they make immune cells more aggressive and increase the production of antibodies.

Intense physical activity may reduce the activity of the immune system, but the addition of beta-glucans may partially counteract this effect, researchers suggest. As a result, pathogens have less chance.

When the fight of the immune system against pathogens begins in full force, aggressive proteins - cytokines, such as TNF-alpha (tumor necrosis factor-alpha) are released. High levels of this protein are accompanied by fatigue. Researchers suspect that by stimulating the immune system and preventing pathogen activity, beta glucans reduce the need to produce large amounts of TNF-alpha.

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