Overstrain of the heart in sports and methods of prevention

Our organs and tissues need a constant supply of oxygen, nutrients,and waste products. This is done through the blood supply system. Blood is "pumped" into organs and tissues through a "pump", which is the heart. When the heart is healthy and the blood supply system is working properly, then all the body's systems also work in nominal mode. If our pump has any dysfunctions, then the problems will not be local, heart-related, but global-the entire body as a whole will" suffer". Therefore, we can say that the heart is one of the most important human organs in everyday life, and even more so in sports practice, since the need for blood supply in sports increases at times.

Signs of heart overstrain and its consequences

Dysfunction of the heart is observed in most cases in the discrepancy between the amount of oxygen it requires and the One it receives. When the oxygen content decreases, then there is no longer oxygen, but energy starvation. [1] the Heart is not able to produce the necessary amount of ATP and, consequently, is not able to carry out the necessary shock volume of its work. There is a so-called cardiac overstrain, the symptoms of which will be:

a sharp decline in performance,
weakness, increased sweating,
shortness of breath, feeling that there is not enough oxygen, cough,
rapid heartbeat, abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia),
chest pain, nausea, vomiting.
The General condition of Oxygen deficiency is called hypoxia. The causes of cardiac hypoxia can be different factors. In particular, in clinical practice, the most common diagnosis of cardiac hypoxia is myocardial ischemia, in which the lumen of the coronary vessels feeding the heart muscle decreases, and the cause of this condition in most cases is atherosclerosis of the arteries.

In sports practice, cardiac hypoxia occurs due to increased demand for oxygen by all organs, primarily the muscles. The heart begins to experience a lack of oxygen, as a result of which the cardiac function undergoes changes:

- First, as mentioned above, the production of ATP molecules is reduced. In order to compensate for this dysfunction, the heart increases its heart rate. Due to this, the number of circulating blood increases and the number of oxygen with the current of this blood also increases. However, the heart rate has its own limit, for young and healthy athletes it is 200 beats / min, which is not recommended for other contingents of athletes to reach. In addition, high heart rate is a state of overstrain of the heart, which must be clearly controlled in order to avoid irreparable pathological heart changes. [2] and this rule must be followed by all athletes, regardless of age and fitness.

- Secondly, the result of inadequate supply of oxygen to the tissues will be mitochondrial dysfunction, which will be manifested by phase fluctuations in the activity of mitochondrial enzyme complexes. [2] This will lead to the suppression of aerobic ATP synthesis. At the same time, the rate of occurrence of free radicals (SR) will increase, and the power of certain segments of the antioxidant system will decrease. The steadily increasing amount of reactive oxygen species (AKA CP) and other toxic work products will lead to the formation of oxidative stress, which is the cause of most cardiovascular diseases.

Cardiac pathologies that occur due to overstrain
If the overstrain of the heart becomes chronic (permanent), then irreparable changes begin to occur with the heart, in particular:

DILATION of the HEART CHAMBERS is a pathological condition accompanied by an increase in the volume of the heart chambers without changing the thickness of the heart wall. [2] Dilatation of the left atrium often occurs as a result of a steady increase in pressure in the large circulatory circle due to constant heavy physical exertion. Dilation is a factor in heart failure, since the ejection fraction decreases due to stretching of the heart walls.

MYOCARDIAL HYPERTROPHY is a thickening of the muscles of a particular part of the heart. Most often, left ventricular hypertrophy occurs. Occurs in athletes as a result of intense and prolonged physical activity, reflects an irrational path from adaptation to hyperfunction. [2] heart Dysfunction, as in the case of dilation, occurs in a decrease in the ejection fraction, but the reason in this case is a decrease in the volume of the heart due to thickening of the walls. The next problem of hypertrophy is the deterioration of the supply of oxygen to the heart muscles. First, an enlarged myocardium requires increased blood circulation, but the capillaries that provide increased blood flow develop much slower than the heart's muscle cells.

Second, the time of oxygen diffusion from the capillaries to the center of the thickened muscle fiber increases, which leads to changes in oxygen consumption by the hypertrophied myocardium. As a result, lack of oxygen (hypoxia) leads to heart failure, overstrain, and arrhythmia. [2]

Myocardial hypertrophy is one of the most common causes of death in sports. The proportion of such deaths is 33% of all deaths, taking into account non-cardiac (!) causes. [2] The collected statistics show that myocardial hypertrophy greater than certain values in dead athletes is 17 times more common than in living athletes.

ARRHYTHMIA. Normally, the heart beats in a certain rhythm, having in its cycle a consistent contraction and relaxation of the Atria and ventricles. If the frequency, rhythm, or sequence of excitation and contraction of the heart is disturbed, then this is a state of cardiac dysfunction, and it is called arrhythmia. 15% of deaths due to cardiac dysfunction are associated with arrhythmia.

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